Interactions between white pine blister rust, bark beetles, and climate over time indicate vulnerabilities to limber pine health

نویسندگان

چکیده

Introduction Limber pine is a keystone species in the Rocky Mountains that grows on harsh, high elevation sites where few other tree can. Recent studies suggest threatened by combined impacts of exotic, invasive disease, white blister rust (WPBR), native bark beetles, and climate change. Information changes health limber populations long-term posed these threats needed to inform management efforts. Methods We established 106 monitoring plots 10 study areas were surveyed three times between 2004 2017. assessed site stand factors, health, regeneration over time detect abundance cumulative WPBR evaluate drivers occurrence severity. Results declined significantly with more than 20% initially live trees dead last measurement cycle, primarily due beetles. While some recruitment occurred, mortality rates greatly outpaced ingrowth. Disease incidence how it changed was variable, but disease severity increased substantially overall all areas. low or absent most caused significantly. found strong relationships aridity. Trees habitats vapor pressure deficit less likely be infected WPBR, already develop severe symptoms die. Longer growing seasons likelihood presence mortality. Growing season length tended increase study, suggesting change may exacerbate impacts. Discussion Declining coupled rates, increasing severity, levels natural indicate successful recovery not occur locations without intervention. Proactive strategies reduce insect promote resilience should pursued remaining, healthy ecosystems.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in forests and global change

سال: 2023

ISSN: ['2624-893X']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1149456